
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.02, sd = 13.31)}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.1, sd = 2.23)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                                & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity            & 1.173$^{***}$ & 0.930$^{***}$ & 0.948$^{***}$ & 1.143$^{***}$ & 0.128$^{***}$ & 0.087$^{***}$ & 0.088$^{***}$ & 0.061$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.194)       & (0.174)       & (0.178)       & (0.182)       & (0.031)       & (0.026)       & (0.027)       & (0.015)\\   
   Population                   &               & 3.702$^{***}$ & 3.720$^{***}$ & 3.679$^{***}$ &               & 0.617$^{***}$ & 0.624$^{***}$ & 0.728$^{***}$\\   
                                &               & (0.600)       & (0.613)       & (0.597)       &               & (0.107)       & (0.108)       & (0.100)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 0.742$^{***}$ & 0.521$^{***}$ & 0.530$^{***}$ & 0.675$^{***}$ & 0.080$^{***}$ & 0.046$^{*}$   & 0.046$^{*}$   & 0.044\\   
                                & (0.160)       & (0.177)       & (0.182)       & (0.161)       & (0.021)       & (0.024)       & (0.025)       & (0.030)\\   
   Predicted population         &               & 3.072$^{***}$ & 3.089$^{***}$ & 0.958         &               & 0.472$^{***}$ & 0.479$^{***}$ & 0.112\\   
                                &               & (0.946)       & (0.971)       & (0.971)       &               & (0.155)       & (0.158)       & (0.280)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity                     & 1.382$^{***}$ & 1.207$^{***}$ & 1.227$^{***}$ & 1.358$^{***}$ & 0.149$^{***}$ & 0.122$^{***}$ & 0.123$^{***}$ & 0.091$^{**}$\\   
                                         & (0.251)       & (0.245)       & (0.252)       & (0.248)       & (0.035)       & (0.035)       & (0.036)       & (0.043)\\   
   Population                            &               & 3.060$^{***}$ & 3.071$^{***}$ & 1.478         &               & 0.474$^{***}$ & 0.480$^{***}$ & 0.170\\   
                                         &               & (0.551)       & (0.568)       & (1.509)       &               & (0.100)       & (0.102)       & (0.424)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 178           & 201; 50       & 201; 49       & 215; 300      & 178           & 201; 50       & 201; 49       & 215; 300\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 0.537$^{***}$ & 0.532$^{***}$ & 0.532$^{***}$ & 0.520$^{***}$ &  & -0.040$^{**}$ & -0.040$^{**}$ & -0.021$^{***}$ \\
                                & (0.040)       & (0.041)       & (0.041)       & (0.046)       &  & (0.016)       & (0.016)       & (0.004)        \\
   Predicted population         &               & 0.058$^{*}$   & 0.060$^{*}$   & -0.028        &  & 0.981$^{***}$ & 0.982$^{***}$ & 0.674$^{***}$  \\
                                &               & (0.030)       & (0.031)       & (0.059)       &  & (0.142)       & (0.144)       & (0.049)        \\
    \\
   County-Surname fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects   & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Surname-Period fixed effects &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends      &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                 & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


